INTRODUCTION:
Internet is a network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources.
Internet Timeline:
-
1969
- ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) goes online in December,
connecting four major U.S. universities. Designed for research,
education, and government organizations, it provides a communications
network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys
conventional communications systems.
-
1972
- Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge, Mass.,
computer scientist. He uses the @ to distinguish between the sender's
name and network name in the email address.
-
1973
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is designed
and in 1983 it becomes the standard for communicating between computers
over the Internet. One of these protocols, FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
allows users to log onto a remote computer, list the files on that
computer, and download files from that computer.
-
1976
- Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter and running mate Walter Mondale
use email to plan campaign events.
- Queen Elizabeth sends her first email. She's the first state leader
to do so.
-
1982
- The word “Internet” is used for the first time.
-
1984
- Domain Name System (DNS) is established, with network addresses
identified by extensions such as .com, .org, and .edu.
- Writer William Gibson coins the term “cyberspace.”
-
1985
- Quantum Computer Services, which later changes its name to America
Online, debuts. It offers email, electronic bulletin boards, news, and
other information.
-
1988
- A virus called the Internet Worm temporarily shuts down about 10% of
the world's Internet servers.
-
1989
- The World (world.std.com) debuts as the first provider of dial-up
Internet access for consumers.
- Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics)
develops a new technique for distributing information on the Internet.
He calls it the World Wide Web. The Web is based on hypertext, which
permits the user to connect from one document to another at different
sites on the Internet via hyperlinks (specially programmed words,
phrases, buttons, or graphics). Unlike other Internet protocols, such as
FTP and email, the Web is accessible through a graphical user
interface.
-
1990
- The first effort to index the Internet is created by Peter Deutsch
at McGill University in Montreal, who devises Archie, an archive of FTP
sites.
-
1991
- Gopher, which provides point-and-click navigation, is created at the
University of Minnesota and named after the school mascot. Gopher
becomes the most popular interface for several years.
- Another indexing system, WAIS (Wide Area Information Server), is
developed by Brewster Kahle of Thinking Machines Corp.
-
1993
- Mosaic is developed by Marc Andreeson at the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). It becomes the dominant navigating
system for the World Wide Web, which at this time accounts for merely 1%
of all Internet traffic.
-
1994
- The White House launches its website, www.whitehouse.gov.
- Initial commerce sites are established and mass marketing campaigns
are launched via email, introducing the term “spamming” to the Internet
vocabulary.
- Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark start Netscape Communications. They
introduce the Navigator browser.
-
1995
- CompuServe, America Online, and Prodigy start providing dial-up
Internet access.
- Sun Microsystems releases the Internet programming language called
Java.
- The Vatican launches its own website, www.vatican.va.
-
1996
- Approximately 45 million people are using the Internet, with roughly
30 million of those in North America (United States and Canada), 9
million in Europe, and 6 million in Asia/Pacific (Australia, Japan,
etc.). 43.2 million (44%) U.S. households own a personal computer, and
14 million of them are online.
-
1997
- On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASA
website broadcasts images taken by Pathfinder on Mars. The
broadcast generates 46 million hits in one day.
- The term “weblog” is coined. It’s later shortened to “blog.”
-
1998
- Google opens its first office, in California.
-
1999
- College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer
application that allows users to swap music over the Internet.
The
number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning
of 1999. More than 50% are from the United States.
“E-commerce”
becomes the new buzzword as Internet shopping rapidly spreads. - MySpace.com is launched.
-
2000
- To the chagrin of the Internet population, deviant computer
programmers begin designing and circulating viruses with greater
frequency. “Love Bug” and “Stages” are two examples of self-replicating
viruses that send themselves to people listed in a computer user's email
address book. The heavy volume of email messages being sent and received
forces many infected companies to temporarily shut down their clogged
networks.
The Internet bubble bursts, as the fountain of investment
capital dries up and the Nasdaq stock index plunges, causing the initial
public offering (IPO) window to slam shut and many dotcoms to close
their doors. - America Online buys Time Warner for $16 billion. It’s the biggest
merger of all time.
-
2001
- Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. Circuit
Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company is violating
copyright laws and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music. The
file-swapping company says it is developing a subscription-based
service.
About 9.8 billion electronic messages are sent
daily. - Wikipedia is created.
-
2002
- As of January, 58.5% of the U.S. population (164.14 million people)
uses the Internet. Worldwide there are 544.2 million users.
The
death knell tolls for Napster after a bankruptcy judge ruled in
September that German media giant Bertelsmann cannot buy the assets of
troubled Napster Inc. The ruling prompts Konrad Hilbers, Napster CEO, to
resign and lay off his staff.
-
2003
- It's estimated that Internet users illegally download about 2.6
billion music files each month.
Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a
server-clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. In
December, President Bush signs the Controlling the Assault of
Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act),
which is intended to help individuals and businesses control the amount
of unsolicited email they receive.
Apple Computer introduces Apple
iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents
each. - Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. It
accounts for about half of all emails.
- Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows
people to download songs for 99 cents each.
-
2004
- Internet Worm, called MyDoom or Novarg, spreads through Internet
servers. About 1 in 12 email messages are infected.
- Online spending reaches a record high—$117 billion in 2004, a 26%
increase over 2003.
-
2005
- YouTube.com is launched.
-
2006
- There are more than 92 million websites online.
-
2007
- Legal online music downloads triple to 6.7 million downloads per
week.
- Colorado Rockies' computer system crashes when it receives 8.5
million hits within the first 90 minutes of World Series ticket
sales.
- The online game, World of Warcraft, hits a milestone when it
surpasses 9 million subscribers worldwide in July.
-
2008
- In a move to challenge Google's dominance of search and advertising
on the Internet, software giant Microsoft offers to buy Yahoo for $44.6
billion.
- In a San Fransisco federal district court, Judge Jeffrey S. White
orders the disabling of Wikileaks.org, a Web site that discloses
confidential information. The case was brought by Julius Baer Bank and
Trust, located in the Cayman Islands, after a disgruntled ex-employee
allegedly provided Wikileaks with stolen documents that implicate the
bank in asset hiding, money laundering, and tax evasion. Many web
communities, who see the ruling as unconstitutional, publicized
alternate addresses for the site and distributed bank documents through
their own networks. In response, Judge White issues another order to
stop the distribution of bank documents.
- Microsoft is fined $1.3 billion by the European Commission for
further abusing its dominant market position, and failing to comply to
their 2004 judgment, which ordered Microsoft to give competitors
information necessary to operate with Windows. Since 2004, Microsoft has
been fined a total of $2.5 billion by the Commission for not adhering to
their ruling.
-
2012
- A major protest online in January shakes up Congressional
support for anti-Web piracy measures. The protest, including a 24-hour
shutdown of the English-language Wikipedia site, is over two bills, the
Stop Online Piracy Act in the House and the Protect IP Act in the
Senate. The main goal of both bills is to stop illegal downloading and
streaming of TV shows and movies online. The tech industry is concerned
that the bills will give media companies too much power to shut down
website.
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- Can read more at this site:
- click here
The Universal Resource Locator (URL)
A uniform resource locator, abbreviated URL, also known as web address, is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to a resource. In most web browsers, the URL of a web page is displayed on top inside an address bar. An example of a typical URL would be
"http://en.example.org/wiki/Main_Page".
Protocols:
Some protocols that may appear in url are:
| Protocol Names |
Use |
| ftp:// |
File transfer |
| http:// |
Hypertext |
| https:// |
Hypertext secure |
| telnet:// |
Remote login |
Domain names:
A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name.
The top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. Top-level domains form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends with a top-level domain label.
Example of top-level domain:
| Top-level domain |
Stands for |
| .com |
company |
| .edu |
education |
| .info |
information |
Domain Name System(DNS):
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most prominently, it translates easily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet.
Internet Address(IP):
An Internet address, known as an IP address for “Internet Protocol”
is comprised of four binary octets, making it a 32-bit address.
IP addresses, difficult for humans to read in binary format, are often
converted to “dotted decimal format”
To convert the 32-bit binary address to dotted decimal format, divide
the address into four 8-bit octets and then convert each octet to a
decimal number.
Each octet will have one of 256 values (0 through 255)
192.48.29.253
(Example of an IP address in dotted decimal form)
IP address conversion:
1) Divide the IP address into four octets
01011110
00010100
11000011
11011100
2) Convert each binary octet into a decimal number
01011110 = 64+16+8+4+2 = 94
00010100 = 16+4 = 20
11000011 = 128+64+2+1 = 195
11011100 = 128+64+16+8+4 = 220
3) Write out the decimal values separated by periods
94.20.195.220
HAVE FUN LEARNING AND USE THE INTERNET!!!!
